Research Aptitude - UGC NET Paper- 1

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TYPES OF RESEARCH: (MOST IMPORTANT)

 

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH/BASIC RESEARCH/PURE RESEARCH:

  •   It’s a research which is based on building something ‘New to enhance Human Knowledge’.
  •   Collection and analysis of data to develop or enhance theory.
  • Promotes advancement of knowledge.
  • Provides understanding of theoretical relationship between variables.
  •  It is organised through the procedures like sampling, hypothesizing facts.
  • Can be experimented in laboratory.

 

APPLIED RESEARCH:

·       The principles of fundamental research are used in applied research.

·       It is based on the application of known theories in actual practice.

·       This research utilizes the principles of theories to find the problems in the best possible manner.

·       It helps in solving specific, practical questions.

·       It provides the usefulness of the theory.
·       It helps in collection and analysis of data to examine the usefulness of theory in solving practical educational problems.

 

 

ACTION RESEARCH:

·       It focuses mainly on the Immediate application and not on the development of theory.

·       Launches direct action with the objective of obtaining workable solutions to the given problems.


·       It is a process for studying practical problems of social studies.

·       It’s a scientific procedure for finding out a practical solution of current problem.

·       The focus is to improve and identify the current practices.

·       It is done by particular educators, on their own work, with their students and colleagues.

·       It is also classified under the category of the developmental research.

·       For example: the principal of a school conducts an interview session of teachers and students with a view to explore the possibility of their enhanced participation in school program.

·       PLAN -> ACT -> OBSERVE -> REFLECT is the action sequence of Action Research.

 

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH/LABORATORY RESEARCH/TREATMENT VARIABLE RESEARCH/EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE RESEARCH/MANIPULATED VARIABLE RESEARCH (Important)

·       This research is conducted mostly in laboratories.

·       There is Evaluation and analysis of the data to answer “how and why is it”.

·       It provides the opportunity to identify cause and effect relationship.

·       In this research, the investigator manipulates conditions for the purpose of determing their effect on behavior.

·       The major feature of the research is that there is a possibility of exercising econtrol over independent variables and isolating their influences for plausible explanations.

·       It has a ‘law of Single Variable’ which means using only one variable and other variables are ‘Controlled Variables’.

·       Therefore, ‘’controlled group conditions’’ is applied in this research.

 

EXPOST FACTO RESEARCH/AFTER-THE-FACT RESEARCH:

·       It is a research in which the investigation starts after the fact has occurred without interference from the researcher.

·       In other words, this research is carried out after the incident.

·       It is not possible to manipulate the characteristics of human participants or we can say control on the behavior of independent variables is very weak or not possible.

·       This research type goes from effect to cause.

·       For example: Accident report.

 

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:

·      In Qualitative Research, the main focus is on the phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.

·       It provides the insights into the problem of human behavior for example, reasons, opinions and motivations.

·       Like why people do certain things or behave like that.

·       This research method includes focus groups, individual interviews and participation/observation.

·       It includes Non- Random sampling. It goes parallel with the data.

·       In Quantitative Research, it is used to quantify the problems by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics.

·       It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors and so on.

·       This research method includes surveys (online, paper and mobile), telephone interviews, face to face interviews, longitudinal studies, online polls etc.

·       It includes Random sampling.

 

HISTORICAL RESEARCH:

·       It’s a critical inquiry into past events.
·       The sources of historical information are commonly classified as primary and secondary.

·       It is a research which is understood in the light of past experiences.

·       This research involves systematic, objective data collection and analysis.

·       This research is important to explain the situations of the past and its meaning in the light of the present problem.


DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH:

·       Its main focus is to provide the description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.

·       It studies and focuses more on ‘what of the research’ than the ‘why of the research’ subject.

·       Mostly Ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies. Such as for measuring frequency of shopping or preferences of people.

·         In this research, none of the variables are influenced or we can say there is no control over the variables i.e., ‘uncontrolled variables’.

·       The conclusions and findings of Descriptive Research cannot be generalized into other situations.


Cross sectional:

·        At a particular point of time. Does not help in measuring changes over a period of time. E.g. Stock valuation at a particular date. 


·        Cross-sectional studies are observational in nature and are known as descriptive research, not causal or relational, meaning that you can't use them to determine the cause of something, such as a disease. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables. 


·        This type of research can be used to describe characteristics that exist in a community, but not to determine cause-and-effect relationships between different variables. This method is often used to make inferences about possible relationships or to gather preliminary data to support further research and experimentation.


Analytical:

Evaluation and analysis of the data to answer “how and why is it”. Focuses on cause and effect relationships. Eg- Analyzing the impact of women on decision making.

 

 

Longitudinal:

Measures changes over a period of time (over years or months), by repeatedly using the same technique on the same sample. Eg: Trend Analysis.


EXPERIMENTAL V/S EXPOST FACTO RESEARCH:


EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

EXPOST FACTO RESEARCH

Samples are selected Randomly from the population.

There is no Randomization. Samples are selected on the basis of some preexisting conditions.

In experimental research you go from cause to effect.

In Ex post facto you go from effect to cause.

Have an independent treatment variable that can be applied to the experimental group.

An independent treatment variable cannot be manipulated due to preexisting condition.

Controlled variables

4.) No controlled variables.


METHODS OF RESEARCH:

 

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:

  • This method is based on logics, objective, systematic and controlled investigations.
  • The purpose of the method is to predict and control phenomena and check the probability and relationship among selected variables. Therefore, variables are easily controlled and manipulated.
  • This method is important in showing cause and effect relationships among the selected variables.
  • The experiment method is usually done in Laboratories.
  • The standardized tests are the data collection tools of this method.


OBSERVATIONAL METHOD:

  • It focuses on the idea of observation.
  • It includes viewing and recording the actions and behaviors of participants.
  • Observations are generally done in natural settings and surroundings.
  • It’s a systematic method and helps in laboratory investigation.
  • This method focuses on observing the participants.
  • This method answers the question ‘what’ or ‘how’ than ‘why’.
  • The variables cannot be manipulated/controlled, or we can say the phenomenon or behavior can’t be influenced.

SURVEY METHOD:

  • It is a method used for collecting data from a selected group of respondents to extract information on various topics of interest.
  • It uses standardized procedures.
  • This method has two types of surveys: Cross-Sectional Survey and
  • Longitudinal Survey.
  • The cross-sectional survey means collecting information from a sample drawn from a predetermined population. It is conducted at one point in time.
  • The longitudinal survey means information is collected at different points in time in order to study changes over time.
  • MODES OF DATA COLLECTION:
  • MAIL SURVEYS: in this type the data are collected by mail. The questionnaires are sent to every participant of the sample with a request to complete it and returned by a given date.
  • TELEPHONE SURVEYS: in this type the survey is taken via telephone where the researcher asks questions from the respondents to complete his/her survey.
  • PERSONAL INTERVIEWS when the researcher takes face to face interviews with the respondent.

CASE STUDIES METHOD:

  • This method is used to conduct the in-depth or detailed study of an individual or groups.
  • It is qualitative in nature and does extensive study.
  • It is not used to determine cause and effect relationship.
  • It focuses on description, illustration and exploration of a given phenomenon.
  • It is narrow, focuses on high level of details and can be both subjective and objective in nature.

PROCESS OF RESEARCH:



Research Process/Steps:

 Formulating research problem

  1. Extensive review of literature (newspapers, research papers, articles)
  2. Developing hypothesis (an assumption which is not yet proved true or false)
  3. Preparing research design
  4. Determining sample design (type of sampling technique and sample size)
  5. Collection of data: Primary sources such as Observation Method, Interview Method, Questionnaires AND secondary sources such as Internal Sources (Accounting Records, Trade Association Data, Sales Performance Record, ) or External Sources (Externally Published Data, Government Publications, Books, Magazines, Journals, Census Reports, Other Public Reports)
  6. Analysis of data- by using various tools and techniques.
  7. Hypothesis testing- Testing the hypothesis to know whether it is true or false.
  8. Generalization and interpretation- the results are then generalized for the masses as well as the results are interpreted and conveyed.
  9. Report/thesis writing- Presentation and reporting.



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